IV. Verbs

Virgil Warren, PhD PDF

Topics Greek Features

IV. Verbs

A. Tenses

1. present

a. simple/unidentified

b. progressive

c. iterative

d. gnomic/characteristic

e. conative

f. historic

g. futuristic present

h. past action continuing into the present

2. future

a. simple/unidentified

b. progressive

c. declarative/imperatival

d. μέλλω + infinitive

3. imperfect

a. progressive

b. iterative

c. ingressive (action)

d. conative/attempted

e. customary ("would" = good translation): Mark 3:11

f. unusual - for third-person plural: John 15:22, 24

4. aorist

a. simple

b. ingressive (state)

c. gnomic

d. epistolary

e. pluperfect force: John 19:30

5. present perfect

a. imperative: Mark 4:39; [Acts 15:30]

b. subjunctive: 1 John 1:4

6. pluperfect

a. instances where augment is missing: Mark 14:44

b. instances where augment is present:

7. future perfect

a. regular future perfect forms (non-existent in the new Testament)

b. periphrastic future perfects: Luke 6:40; Hebrews 2:13

B. Moods

1. Indicative

a. after 

2. Imperative

a. command

(1)  + imperative: Matthew 28:6

(2) double imperative: Matthew 28:10

b. entreaty

c. prohibition (see also “Clauses prohibition”)

(1) present: Matthew 24:6; 28:5; John 5:14

(2) aorist:

d. sometimes has the subject expressed with the verb: 2 Timothy 4:15

e. third person imperative

(1) “permissive imperative” (John 14:1; 1 Corinthians 7:15; 14:38; Ephesians 4:26; 1 Timothy 3:10; 4:12)

(2) aorist vs. present imperative

f. present tense: Mark 5:34; John 5:14; 1 Corinthians 7:2; 14:1; 1 Thessalonians

5:16;

(1) action already in process: John 5:14

(2) action not already in process: Mark 5:34

(3) uncertain/irrelevant whether already in process

g. aorist tense: Matthew 6:9-13; 24:18; Luke 5:27

(1) action already in process: Matthew 6:9-13; Luke 5:27

(2) action not already in process: Revelation 2:11

(3) uncertain/irrelevant whether already in process

3. Subjunctive

a. deliberate subjunctive:

(1) normal: Matthew 6:31; 11:2b, 16?; Luke 3:10; 11:52; 1 Corinthians

4:21

(2) introduced by //: Luke 22:9

b. hortatory subjunctive:

(1) normal plain subjunctive: Jn. 14:31; Galatians 5:26

(2) / + subjunctive: Matthew 7:4

(3) / + subjunctive

c. prohibitive subjunctive: Hebrews 3:8

(1) third-person prohibitory subjunctive (rare): 1 Corinthians 16:11; 2 Thessalonians 2:3; 2 Corinthians 11:16

(2) Matthew 6:2, 7, 13, 17, 31; 23:9, 10; 24:26, 34, 35.

d. emphatic negative:  + subjunctive: Matthew 23:39; 24:21; 26:29; Luke 22:16; Hebrews 13:5

4. Optative

a. potential optative in independent clauses: Acts 8:31; 17:18

b. potential optative in dependent clauses: Acts 20:16; 1 Peter 3:14

c. attainable wish: Philemon 20; 1 Thessalonians 5:23

: Luke 20:16; Romans 3:4, 6, 31; 6:2, 15; 7:7, 13; 9:14; 11:1, 11; 1 Corinthians 6:15; Galatians 2:17; 3:21; 6:14

d. optative indirect-discourse verb after secondary tense main verb (see "Clauses: indirect discourse")

C. Voices

1. Active

2. Middle

a. reflexive

(1) direct reflexive

(2) indirect reflexive

(3) active + reflexive pronoun can replace traditional middle-voice meaning: Luke 23:39; John 17:19; 19:7; 21:7, 18; Romans 2:1; Galatians 1:4; Ephesians 4:19; 5:2, 25; 1 John 1:18

(4) middle voice + reflexive pronoun: Ephesians 4:32

b. causative: Acts 22:16

3. Passive

D. Participles

1. Attributive participles

a. articular participles with anarthrous nouns

b. anarthrous participles with anarthrous nouns: Like 6:30; 1 Corinthians 13:1; Hebrews 7:8

c. first attributive: Ephesians 1:19

d. second attributive: 1 Thessalonians 1:10; Titus 1:9

2. Substantival participles

a. subject

b. direct object

c. indirect object

d. object of preposition: Luke 6:30

3. Circumstantial participles

a. periphrastic participial constructions

(1)  + present participle with elements to be taken together: Matthew 10:22; 12:4; 2 Corinthians 9:12

(2) separated elements to be taken together: Mark 2:18; 8:30; 13:25; 14:40; 24:38; 26:43; John 3:22-23; Acts 7:26?; 12:5

(3) separated elements not to be taken together: Mark 3:1; Acts 9:9

(4)  + present participle: Matthew 9:36; 19:22; 24:9; Luke 19:20

(5) perfect periphrastic participles: Matthew 10:26, 30; 18:20; 26:43

(6)  + participle: Acts 8:16

(7)  + aorist participles (): Luke 23:19; Acts 12:25

(8) periphrastic imperative: Luke 19:17

(9)  +  periphrastic

b. genitive absolute constructions

(1) normal examples: Matthew 1:20; 2:1, 13, 19; 6:3; 8:16, 28; 9:32, 33; 11:7; 12:46; 13:6, 19; 14:15, 23, 32; 16:2; 17:5, 9, 22, 24, 25; 18:24, 25; 20:8, 29; 21:10, 23; 22:41; 24:3; 25:5, 10, 60; 26:6, 7, 20, 21, 47; 27:1, 17, 19, 57; 28:11, 13; John 8:30; Acts 10:44; 28:6, 9; Romans 5:6; 7:3, 9, 13;

(1) genitive absolutes with no expressed subject: Luke 12:36; 22:55; Matthew 17:14, 26; Acts 20:10, 31

(2) subject almost never the same as the subject of the main clause

(a) genitive absolute can be used even when the grammatical person, number, and gender is the same as the subject as long as the referent is different: Mark 6:54-55

(b) genitive absolute with same subject was the main verb: Matthew 1:18; Hebrews 8:9; Acts 7:32

(3) genitive absolute may appear after the main clause: Hebrews 2:3-4

(4) genitive absolute can cover for a conditional sentence protasis: 1 Corinthians 4:19

(5) double genitive absolute: Romans 2:15

c. dative absolute constructions: Matthew. 8:23; 9:27, 28 (?); 14:6; Acts 28:10 (?)

d. accusative absolute constructions: Acts 26:3; Ephesians 1:18; Hebrews 10:2

e. nominative absolute: Romans 12:8, 16; Revelation 2:26

f. present participles

g. aorist participles

(1) usually chronologically prior to the main verb

(2) not necessarily prior to the main verb time-wise: Matthew 10:4; 1 Corinthians 2:1; and most instances

(3) subsequent to the main verb time-wise: Acts 25:13

h. future participles

(1) future passive: Hebrews 3:5

(2) future non-purposive: Luke. 22:49; 1 Corinthians 15:37; Hebrews 3:5

i. present perfect participles

(1) periphrastic: Matthew 10:26

j. future perfect participles

k. participles joined to imperatives

l. nominative participle plus cognate finite verb as equivalent for Hebrew infinitive absolute plus cognate finite verb for emphasis: Acts 5:4 (?)

4. unusual modification situations

a. compound singular subjects modified by a plural participle: Matthew 27:61; Acts 13:46

b. compound masculine and feminine subject modified by plural masculine participle(?): Acts 25:23

c. singular masculine plus plural masculine subject modified by plural masculine participle: Acts 27:20

d. compound plural masculine and plural neuter nouns modified by neuter plural participle: Mtatthew 22:4

e. compound plural neuter and plural feminine nouns modified by feminine plural participle: Hebrews 9:9

f. collective singular neuter noun modified by plural masculine participle: Luke 19:37

5. approaching the value of an infinitive (gerund or completing the meaning of the verb almost like a periphrastic construction): Matthew 11:1; 28:1; Luke 5:4

6. adjectival objective complement: Matthew 24:30

7. objective complement (see "Verbs: participles")

8. values

a. time

b. means

c. manner

d. cause

e. condition

f. concession: Mark 4:31; John 9:25; 21:11; Acts 7:5; Hebrews 5:8

g. attendant circumstance

h. co-ordinate circumstance

i. purpose

(1) future participle: Matthew 27:49; Acts 22:5; 24:17

j. result

k. command (see under "Clauses: command")

D. Infinitive

1. subject

a articular infinitive: 2 Corinthians 9:1

b. anarthrous infinitive: Matthew 17:4 (); Acts 1:16 (); Ephesians 6:20 ()

2. direct object

a. articular infinitive: Philippians 4:10

b. anarthrous infinitive: Mark 12:12; Acts 8:38

3. free-standing genitive articular infinitive: Matthew 11:1; 21:32; Luke 9:51; Acts

14:9

4. purpose infinitive w/o genitive article Luke 3:12; 11:31

5. dative articular infinitive (causative) 2 Corinthians 2:13*

6. after prepositions: Luke 24:51 (); Acts. 1:3 (); 4:2 (A); 8:40 (); Romans 3:26 (); Galatians 3:23 (); 2 Corinthians 7:12 (); 8:11 (); Ephesians 6:11 (); James 4:15 ()

7. after  to mean result (see "Clauses: result")

8. subject of copulative infinitive = subject of main verb with nominative predicate- nominative adjective: 1 Corinthians 3:18

9. parenthetical infinitive: Hebrews 7:9*

10. imperatival infinitive (see "Clauses: commands")

11. anarthrous infinitive after to mean before (see "Basic Concept Construction: Time")

12. with adjectives

a. articular: Acts 23:15

b. anarthrous: 2 Timothy 2:2; Revelation 5:9

13. with certain verbs

a.  2 Corinthians 1:15

b. : 1 Corinthians 3:18

c. : Matthew 9:28; Mark 4:33; Mark 9:39

d. : Romans 15:22

e. :Matthew 12:38

f.  (see "Verbs: infinitives")

g. : 1 John 3:16; Hebrews 2:17

14. adjuncts of certain nouns: Matthew 3:14 (); John 1:12 ()

15. appositive to a noun: 1 Thessalonians 4:3

16. infinitives in indirect discourse (see "Clauses: indirect discourse")

V. Adverbs

V. Sentence types

A. Subject-verb relationships

1. plural neuter subjects

a. with singular verbs: Hebrews 9:22; 1 John 3:10, 12

b. with plural verbs

2. compound singular subjects

a. with plural verb: John 19:25; 1 Corinthians 3:8

b. with singular verb: Matthew 6:19

3. collective noun subject

a. with a singular verb

b. with a plural verb: Luke 19:37 (also with plural participle–)

4. a compound subject usually takes a verb in the number of the subject nearest

of the verb: 1 Corinthians 7:34

5. compound singular subjects uses plural verb: Mark 15:47

6. a compound subject usually takes a verb in the person of the subject nearest to the

verb: Acts 15:10

()

B. Verb-object relationships

1. the same direct object after a second or third verb is not repeated: Mark 15:1b, 15c

C. Verb-indirect object relationships

1. the same indirect object after a second or third verb is not repeated: Mark 15:1b

D. Linking verb and predicate noun relationships

1. Caldwell's canon

2. two nouns and a linking verb

a. neither noun has article

b. one noun has article: 1 Timothy 6:5b; 1 John 4:8

c. one proper noun and one common noun: John 18:40

d. both nouns have article: John 15:1; 1 Corinthians 10:4; 1 John 3:4

e. second noun also before verb Mark 15:39; John 19:7

E. Linking verb with pronoun subject and another noun: Galatians 4:24

V. Clauses

A. Conditional clauses

1. real conditional sentences (present or past particular): Class A

a. present conditional clause: John 1:25; Galatians 5:18

b. past conditional clause

c. future conditional clause: Matthew 26:33

d. mixed tenses between conditional clause and apodosis: John 15:20

e. protasis of A-class condition used alone as aposiopesis to mean "not": Mark 8:12; Hebrews 3:11 [cp. 3:18]; 4:3, 5;

2. contingent conditional sentences: Class B

a. present general: Matthew 8:2; John 13:8

b. vivid future:1 Corinthians 4:19;

3. contrary-to-fact conditional clauses: Class C

a. examples: Mark 13:20; John 8:42

b. instances where  is omitted from the protasis: John 9:33; 15:22; Acts

26:32;1 Corinthians 12:172, 19

4. vague future: Class D

5. Miscellaneous

1. subjunctive Revelation 11:5b

B. indefinite/conditional relative

1. // +  plus subjunctive:

2. //+ 

3. //+ 

4. //+ 

5. 

6.  plus aorist subjunctive

7.  +  plus aorist subjunctive: Matthew 2:13; 10:23

8.  plus subjunctive

9.  plus subjunctive

10.  plus subjunctive

11.  plus subjunctive

12.  plus subjunctive

13.   plus subjunctive

10.  + : Revelation 11:6

11. subjunctive

12. indicative: Mark 6:56

13. 

14. comparison of condition clauses and conditional/indefinite relative: Mark 10:43 +

9:35

C. Indirect discourse constructions

1. finite verb

a. non-optative indirect-discourse verb after main verb in secondary tense: Matthew 20:10

b. optative indirect-discourse verb after secondary-tense main verb: Luke 8:9

2. participle: Mark 5:30; Hebrews 13:23

3. infinitive: Acts 28:6; Romans 3:28

4. subjunctive: Matthew 4:3

5. indicative: Revelation 6:4, 11; 8:3; 14:13;

6.  omitted + subjunctive: Mark 1:44

D. Direct discourse constructions

1. preceded by 

2. not preceded by 

 present-tense indirect-discourse verb means simultaneous with the main verb: Luke 18:9

E. Questions

1. direct questions

a. introduced by  Matthew 19:3; Mark 12:10; Luke 22:49; 13:23; Acts 1:6; 7:1; 19:2; 21:37; 22:25

b. introduced by interrogatives:

2. indirect questions

a. introduced by Matthew 12:10; Mark 10:2

b. introduced by interrogatives:

3. questions anticipating negative response ( etc.): Matthew 12:23; Luke 6:39; John 9:40; 18:35; 1 Corinthians 11:22; 12:30

4. questions anticipating positive response (, etc.): Matthew 10:29; 13:55; 21:42; Lk. 4:22; 17:17; Hebrews 3:16

5. double-negative questions: Romans 10:18; 1 Corinthians 9:4-5; 11:22

6. real questions

7. rhetorical questions: Romans 8:31

8. factual/open-ended/ information questions: Mark 15:2?; John 16:31

9. deliberative (see under "Verbs: subjunctive")

F. Command constructions

1. imperative

2. future indicative

3. participle

a. free-standing participles construction: Mark 5:23; Romans 12:9; 1 Peter 3:1;

2:18;

b. tied to an imperative verb

4. infinitive: Romans 12:15; Philippians 3:16; Titus 2:2 (Didache 14:3)

5.  plus subjunctive (Turner, 145-47)

6. double imperatives: Matthew 27:65; 28:6, 10

G. Prohibition constructions

1.  plus present imperative

2.  plus aorist subjunctive (see under "Verb-Mood: Subjunctive")

3.  plus future indicative

H. Purpose constructions

1.  + subjunctive:

2.  + subjunctive: Matthew 5:16; 6:17-18

3.  + subjunctive: Romans 3:4

3.  + future indicative: Acts 21:19

4. future participle (see under "participles")

5. 

6. infinitive

7. genitive articular infinitive (see under "infinitives")

I. Fear clauses

1. with subjunctive: Matthew 27:64; Mark 13:35-36; 2 Corinthians 12:20

2. : 2 Corinthians 12:20

3. : Matthew 27:64

4. with indicative: 1 Thessalonians 3:5; Hebrews 3:12

5. negative fear clause ( + subjunctive): Hebrews 3:12

J. Result constructions

1.  plus infinitive: Matthew 15:31; 1 Corinthians 13:2

2.  plus indicative: Matthew 19:6; Mark 2:28 (inferential "so"); 4:1 (inferential "so"?); John 3:16; 1 Corinthians 3:7; 14:22; Galatians 2:13; 4:16

3.  plus imperative: 1 Corinthians 3:21; 4:5

4. infinitives (see under "infinitives")

5.  + subjunctive: Mark 5:23 (inferential "so"); Luke 20:28; Revelations 8:12

K. Object clauses

L. Assorted Noun Clauses

1. subjunctive:

2. subjunctive subject of main clause: 1 Corinthians 4:2, 3

3. infinitive phrase subjects of impersonal verbs (see "Verbs: infinitives")

M. Relative clauses (see "Substantive-Pronouns: relative pronouns")

VII. Prepositions

A. With nominative (see above under "nominative"): Romans 12:5 (')

B. With genitive

1. 

2. 

b. some "of" (partitive genitive): Matthew 23:34; 25:8

3. 

a. location

b. means

c. manner

C. With dative

D. With accusative

E. With genitive and accusative

F. With genitive, dative, and accusative

1. 

 aTwo uses of  in the same verse: Revelation 14:6

G. Prepositional phrases in adjective slots

1. first attributive: 2 Corinthians 1:11

2. second attributive: Mathew 6:23; Luke 11:35

3. second predicate: Ephesians 2:11

4. with anarthrous noun: Mark 1:23

H. Prepositional phrases in adverbial slots: Mark 1:9

I. Substantivized prepositional phrases: Mark 5:27; 13:16; Luke 9:32; Acts 12:1; 13:13; Romans 4:14; 11:21

VIII. Conjunctions

1. 

a. can connect co-ordinate participles: 2 Timothy 1:10

2. 

a. as replacements for Â- consecutive after È‰ÈÂ: Matthew 9:10; Luke 19:15?; Hebrews 5:7?

b. situations of real contrast: Luke 18:2; 20:19; 21:18; John 20:14; Acts 7:5, 9

3. phrase conjunction: : Matthew 11:27; 17:8

IX. Constructions for various basic concepts

A. Comparison

1. "than"

a.  plus same case: Matthew 10:15; John 3:19; 4:1

b. genitive second noun (see "Cases: genitive")

c.  plus accusative: Luke 16:8

d.  plus accusative: Hebrews 9:23; 11:4

e. 

f. "rather than": (Luke 18:14; Romans 1:26, 27)

2. degrees of comparison (see under "Adjectives")

a. positive degree

b. comparative degree

(1) comparative-degree adjectives

(2) positive degree: Acts 20:35

(3) positive degree:

(4) positive degree:

c. superlative degree

(1) superlative-degree adjectives

(2)  positive degree: Acts 20:38

3. degrees of adverbs

a. positive

b. comparative

(1) "love . . . hate": Luke 16:13

c. superlative

4. "so . . . that"

a. "": John 3:16; Hebrews 12:21

B. Negation

1. words

a.  + indicative: Matthew 7:6 (); Johnh 3:18; Acts 28:27 ()

b. + subjunctive for emphatic future: Matthew 23:39; 24:21; 26:29; 22:16; Hebrews 13:5; Revelation 3:5(I/S?)

c. + future indicative for emphatic futureLuke 1:15; Revelation 3:5 (i/S?)

2. privative

a. negative

b. neutral

C. Agency

1. verbs

2. prepositions

a. with active verb

(1) G + active verb: Hebrews 12:3

(2) D + active verb: Mark 3:22 (personal)

b. with passive verb

(1) with preposition omitted after perfect passives: Colossians 4:6 (D); 2

Peter 2:19 (D)

(2) with preposition omitted: Matthew 6:1 (D), 5 (D); 23:5 (D); 25:34

(G); 1 Timothy 3:16 (D)

(3)  + G: Matthew 11:19

(4) G: Matthew 28:14

(5)  Matthew 28:15

(6) G: Galatians 2:16; 1 John 2:29

(7) G (usually intermediate agent) John 1:10; Hebrews 7:23 (impersonal)

(8) G: Matthew 4:1; 1 Corinthians 10:29 (impersonal);

(9) D: Romans 10:20 (personal)

c. with linking verb

(1) G + linking verb: Luke 10:17; Acts 12:5

D. Means

1. prepositions

a. with active verbs

(1) Matthew 1:18 (  ); 3:11? (en); John 1:26? (en); Acts 3:21 () Romans 3:30 (and); Hebrews 9:12 (); 9:25 (; cp. 9:12)

b. with passive verbs

c. with linking verbs

(1) Matthew 1:20 ()

2. plain dative: Mark 1:8?; Luke 3:16?;

E. Manner

1. prepositional phrase

2. participle

3. adverb

F. Purpose

1. participle

2. future participle

3. prepositional phrase ()

4. anarthrous infinitive

5. genitive articular infinitive

6. // + subjunctive

7. relative clause + future indicative

G. Result (see "Clauses: result")

H. Cause

1. conjunction

2. dative-case articular infinitive: 2 Corinthians 2:13*

3. participle

4. verbs

5. prepositions

I. Possession

1. 

2. dative of possession

3. possessive genitive

4. possessive adjective: ////

J. Condition

1. /

2. participle

K. Concession

1. conjunction

a. 

b. 

2. participle

L. Time

1. absolute

2. relative

a. participle

b. conjunction

(1) before ( anarthrous infinitive): Mark 1:18; John

8:58

c. adverb

M. Location

X. Accidence

A. accents

1. on enclitics in a series

2. on proclitics in a series: Mark 1:22, 36